Vermilion (sometimes spelled vermillion[2][3]) is both a brilliant red or scarlet pigment originally made from the powdered mineral cinnabar and the name of the resulting color.[4] It was widely used in the art and decoration of Ancient Rome, in the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages, in the paintings of the Renaissance, as sindoor in India, and in the art and lacquerware of China.[5][6]

The word vermilion came from the Old French word vermeillon, which was derived from vermeil, from the Latin vermiculus, the diminutive of the Latin word vermis, or worm. It has the same origin as the English word vermin.[4] The name originated because it had a similar color to the natural red dye made from an insect, the Kermes vermilio, which was widely used in Europe.[7] The words for the color in Portuguese (vermelho), Galician (vermello) and Catalan (vermell) have the same origin. The first recorded use of vermilion as a color name in English was in 1289.[8][9] The term cinnabar was used interchangeably with vermilion until the 17th century, when vermilion became the more common name. By the late 18th century ‘cinnabar’ applied to the unground natural mineral only.[citation needed]